SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic tetrapeptide that selectively binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing its structure and optimizing electron transport to improve ATP production. Unlike general antioxidants, it acts directly within mitochondria to enhance cellular bioenergetics and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Approved by the FDA as Forzinity for the treatment of Barth syndrome, this compound is also evaluated in clinical and preclinical models for other conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction.